ISSN: 2456-8090 (online)
DOI: 10.26440/IHRJ/0503.06428
NIDHI SHRIVASTAVA*1, MARISHA BHANDARI2
Cite this article as: Shrivastava N, Bhandari M. Comparative Analysis of Different Flavonoids on the Immediate Shear Bond Strength of Bleached Enamel Surface: An ex-vivo Study. Int Healthc Res J. 2021;5(3)OR1-OR5. https://doi.org/10.26440/IHRJ/0503.06428
Author Affiliations:
Contact Corresponding Author at: nidhiendodontist[at]gmail[dot]com
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Bleaching, although considered as the first choice of treatment for discoloured teeth, can be utilized in conjunction with composite resin bonding or veneering and porcelain laminate veneers, to provide a more esthetic result.
AIM: The aim of the ex-vivo study is to obtain a comparative analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of antioxidants on the immediate composite bond strength on bleached enamel surface.
MATERIALS AND METHOD: Freshly extracted human permanent maxillary central incisors were selected and prepared for the respective study. All the specimens then were randomly divided into two control groups and three experimental groups, each group consisting of 20 specimens each. Among these were three experimental groups 10% Sodium Ascorbate, 5% Grape Seed extracts (Proanthocyanidin, PA) & 10% Green tea extracts (catechins and epigallocatechin gallate, CA and EG) and two control groups (Positive control & Negative control).
RESULTS: When compared to Group 1 (positive control, 26.24 ± 0.90 MPa ), Group 3 (5%Grape seed extract; 32.17 ± 1.52 MPa), Group 4 (10% Sodium Ascorbate; 28.91 ±1.50 MPa) and Group 5 (5% Green tea extract; 24.10 ± 1.21MPa ) showed significantly higher shear bond strength values.
CONCLUSION: The present study indicated that the shear bond strength of the antioxidant group (Group3) is higher than all three experimental groups. In addition, the shear bond strength of the bleached group (Group 2) is significantly lower than all the other groups. This implies that immediate use of antioxidants, contributes in reversal the bond strength of bleached enamel.
KEYWORDS: Bleaching Agents, Sodium Ascorbate, Grape Seed Extract, Enamel, Adhesive Polymerisation
INTRODUCTION
In the past, dentists were often dismayed by a patient’s disappointment in a “Perfect Restoration” pain staking crafted of the finest gold or other restorative material with minimized enamel reduction and long-lasting preservation of function. Bleaching is one of the widely accepted esthetic treatments of 21st century. The earliest evidence of using tooth bleaching to achieve desired esthetic appearance clinically took place more than two centuries ago, where bleaching agents were directly painted onto the tooth surface (labial) or placed just 2mm above cemento-enamel junction inside root canal treated tooth.1 Vital bleaching has been a viable and effective treatment to discoloured teeth, meeting the esthetic and conservative philosophy of contemporary dentistry.
The bleaching outcomes, however, are not predictable and although it should be considered as the first choice of treatment for discoloured teeth, sometimes it can be utilized in conjunction with composite resin bonding or veneering and porcelain laminate veneers, to provide a more esthetic result.2 Different types of bleaching agents are available from 10-35% hydrogen peroxide, 10-35% Carbamide Peroxide or commercial available bleaching kits, paint on brushes, dentifrices tooth paste, for in-office power bleaching, waiting room bleaching and at home bleaching, are constantly evolving and the effects of these new whitening systems on enamel bond strengths have not been thoroughly studied.3 Despite having many advantages every bleaching agent also has some disadvantages. Paramount complication of using bleaching agents, is decreased composite resin bond energy to immediately etched enamel.4 It has also been reported that the weakening of bond occurrs both superficially and internally. The reduced bond strength could be attributed to the presence of residual oxygen that can adversely affect the adhesive polymerization.5 Studies have revealed that the reduced bond strength can be reversed by the use of antioxidants such as 10% Sodium Ascorbate, Ascorbic Acid, Butyl-Hydroxianisole, Catalase, Ethanol, Acetone, Gluthione Peroxide, Alphatocopherol, Sodium Bicarbonate, Grape Seed Extract (PA) and Green Tea Extract (catechins and epigallocatechin gallate).6 The purpose of this ex-vivo study was to obtain a comparative analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of antioxidants on the immediate composite bond strength on bleached enamel surface.
MATERIALS AND METHOD
Hundred freshly extracted human maxillary central incisors were included in the present study after collecting the informed consent and stored in deionized water, at 4˚C for 6 months. All the collected teeth were examined under light microscope (Stemi 2000C – Carl Zeiss, Jena, Germany) to evaluate undesirable defects or cracks.
Specimen Preparation: The buccal enamel surface of each specimen was polished with wet 700-grit silicon carbide abrasive paper on a polishing machine, to create a flat enamel surface. Each specimen was embedded 1 mm below the cemento-enamel junction. in self curing acrylic resin, using silicon mould that was 2.5 cm high, 2 cm diameter.
Artificial Saliva Immersion: All the specimens were immersed in 250 mL of artificial saliva solution at 37˚C for 7 days, which were changed twice daily during this period. The artificial saliva was prepared from 1 gram sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, 4.3 gram Xylitol, 0.1 gram potassium chloride, 5 mg calcium chloride, 40 mg potassium phosphate, 1 mg potassium thiocyanate and 100g distilled deionized water at pH 7. After that the specimens were washed with water thoroughly for 30 seconds.
Group Division: These specimens were randomly assigned into five groups, among these were three experimental groups 10% Sodium Ascorbate, 5% Grape seed extracts & 5% green tea extracts and two control groups [(Positive control & Negative control), table 1].
BLEACHING PROCEDURE
All the groups (except group 1: positive control group) were bleached using carbamide peroxide (30%, Opalescence PF, India), according to manufacturer’s instructions. Then all specimens were rigorously rinsed with water for 30 seconds, air dried and stored in artificial saliva.
ANTIOXIDANT REQUISITION
Group 1 (Positive Control): No bleaching. Sample stored in artificial saliva for 7 days.
Group 2 (Negative Control): 30% carbamide peroxide bleaching + immediate restorative procedures.
Group 3: Immediately after bleaching procedure, 5% proanthocyanidin was applied with applicator brush for 10 minutes. 5% proanthocyanidin (Vista Nutrition, Medizen Labs, India) was prepared by dissolving, 5g of Grape Seed extract capsule in 100 ml of sterile water.
Group 4: Immediately after bleaching procedure, 10% sodium ascorbate was applied with applicator brush for 10 minutes. 10% sodium ascorbate gel (Leo chemicals Private Limited, Bangalore, India) was prepared by diffusing carbopol in 100 ml sterile water, with addition of ascorbic acid and sodium hydroxide.
Group 5: Immediately after bleaching procedure, 5% catechins and epigallocatechin gallate was applied with applicator brush for 10 minutes. 5% green tea solution was prepared by dissolving a 5 mg catechins and epigallocatechin gallate extract pill (Camgreen, Giah Essence, Iran) into 100 ml sterile water at the room temperature.
After 10 minutes, each specimen was thoroughly rinsed and dried using blotting paper. All specimens were subsequently stored in artificial saliva.
RESTORATIVE PROCEDURES
Acid etching was carried out, according to manufacturer’s instruction (35% Etchant, 3M ESPE Scotch Bond, USA), all were thoroughly washed and paper dried.
A total bond adhesive (3M ESPE ADPER Single Bond 2, USA) was used, according to manufacturer’s instructions and was gently air thinned followed by light curing (Blue Phase C5, Ivoclar Vivadent, Ltd, 12 omega St. Albany) for 10 seconds. Plastic tube of 4 mm height and 3 mm diameter was used as cylindrical stencil, which were compacted with composite resin (Filtek Z350 XT composite syringe, 3M ESPE, USA) and then light cured (in all directions) for 40 seconds. All the specimens were stored in automatic thermocycler (KARA 1000, Tehran, Iran) for 24 hours.
SHEAR BOND STRENGTH
All the groups were tested in Instron Universal Testing Machine with chisel model (fixture) lying perpendicular to the composite cylinder. Force was applied at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min until the cylinders got completely fractured from enamel surface. The collected results were statistically analyzed.
RESULTS
It was observed that the shear bond strength in group 1 (26.24 ± 0.90 MPa) was notably higher than group 2 (18.34 ± 1.24 MPa). In comparison with group 1 (26.24 ± 0.90 MPa), Group 3 (32.17 ± 1.52 MPa), group 4 (10% 28.91 ±1.50 MPa) and group 5 (24.10 ± 1.21 MPa) showed significantly higher shear bond strength.
When compared, group 1 (26.24 ± 0.90 MPa) and group 3 (32.17 ± 1.50 MPa) exhibited almost similar values.
Between experimental groups, group 2 (18.34 ± 1.24 MPa) showed lowest mean values compared to other groups. Group 3 (32.17 ± 1.52 MPa) showed significantly higher values than Group 4 (28.91 ±1.51 MPa) followed by group 5 (24.10 ± 1.21 MPa) and is shown in table 2.
Alternate link to tables/figures (copy/paste link in a new browser window): https://drive.google.com/file/d/1pjFBAq74RqXOb-EJHB3l_ZSCMg7k4pE6/view?usp=sharing
DISCUSSION
Literature extensively shows that bleaching has an adverse effect on the immediate bond strength of bleached surface.7 This is due to presence of free oxygen radicals, which inhibits resin polymerization
cure due to presence of free radical. If the oxygen rich layer is eradicated, the resin - tooth bond strength is reversed. The exact thickness of oxygen rich layer is not stated. Therefore, it should be > 5-10µm; otherwise, etching would have proved effective.8
The present study showed that value of group 1(26.24 ± 0.90 MPa) is remarkably greater than that of Group 2 (18.34 ± 1.24 MPa). These findings are in accordance with the studies performed by various authors such as Titley et al.,9, Stokes et al.,10 and Miles et al.11
The results of our study showed that value of group 4 (28.91 ±1.51 MPa) was notable higher than that of Group 2 (18.34 ± 1.24 MPa). Alike observations were described by Torres et al.,12 they concluded that higher bond values were achieved using 10% sodium ascorbate on bleached tooth surface but lower when compared to unbleached tooth surface. Kimyai et al.,13 reported higher bond value of teeth treated with 10% sodium ascorbate for 10 minutes, then immediately bleached tooth surface.
In the literary work, 10% sodium L- Ascorbate is proven to be favorable antioxidant agent for reversal of reduced strength of instantly bleached enamel, but there are deficient studies using 5% 84929-27-1 Grape seed and 5% green tea extract as viable alternative. Hence in the present study, emphasis was placed on immediate use of 5% 84929-27-1 grape seed and 5% green tea extract as a potent antioxidant (for 10 minutes) on bleached enamel.
Berger et al., reported that green tea extract was used immediately after bleaching for 60 min, the bond strength values were higher than control group (only bleached).14 The green tea catechins, such as EGCG and EGC, have potent antioxidant activities caused by the three adjacent OH groups in ECG and EC. Thus, green tea catechins were shown to possess potent antioxidant activity that is significantly higher. It is also stated that EGCG can be the main component responsible for capture of free radicals from the bleaching.15
This study shows that the treatment with 5% 84929-27-1 grape seed (group 3) increases bond values remarkably, when compared to other groups.
This could be ascribed to the following:
This study shows that, the bond value of group 3 (32.17 ± 1.52 MPa) is higher than other investigational groups. Furthermore, group 2 (18.34 ± 1.24 MPa) value was notably lower than other investigational groups. This suggested that immediate use of antioxidant imparts remarkably high bond value to bleached enamel.
CONCLUSION
Within the limitation of this ex-vivo study, the following conclusions were drawn;
REFERENCES
© Nidhi Shrivastava et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License CC-BY-NC 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the use is not commercial and the original author(s) and source are cited.